References

Executive summary

1 Sustainable Prosperity (2015): Overestimating the cost of compliance with environmental regulation. Policy Brief, November, 2015
https://institute.smartprosperity.ca/sites/default/files/publications/files/Overestimating.pdf

2 Aldersgate Group (2017): Help or hindrance? Environmental regulations and competitiveness. Burohappold Engineering
http://www.aldersgategroup.org.uk/asset/896

3 Defra (2012): Report of the Habitats and Wild Birds Directives Implementation Review. Policy paper, 22 March, 2012
https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/69513/pb13724-habitats-review-report.pdf

4 European Commission (nd): The REACH REFIT Evaluation (REACH Review) https://ec.europa.eu/growth/sectors/chemicals/reach/review_en

5 Lodge, M, Wegrich, K (2012): The ‘Californication’ of Government? Crowdsourcing and the Red Tape Challenge. Discussion paper no.72, November, 2012. London School of Economics and Political Science

6 Salvidge, R (2018): Habitats Directives ‘should be maintained and enforced’ post-Brexit, say pro-deregulation MPs. ENDS Report, 20 November, 2018
https://www.endsreport.com/article/1528626/habitats-directives-should-maintained-enforced-post-brexit-say-pro-deregulation-mps

7 Simkins, G (2020): Ripping up green rulebook ‘would betray Brexit commitments’. ENDS Report, 6 July, 2020
https://www.endsreport.com/article/1688637/ripping-green-rulebook-would-betray-brexit-commitments

8 Unchecked UK (2020): New poll: Young leave voters support strong standards. Unchecked UK, May, 2020
https://www.unchecked.uk/polling-report-landing-page/

Introduction

1 Kellett, P (2019): Securing high levels of business compliance with environmental laws: What works and what to avoid. Journal of Environmental Law, Volume 32, Issue 2, July 2020, Pages 179–194. 20 September, 2019
https://doi.org/10.1093/jel/eqz025

2 Cabinet Office (2011): Red Tape Challenge. Press release, 7 April, 2011
https://www.gov.uk/government/news/red-tape-challenge

3 Defra (2012): Report of the habitats and wild birds directives implementation review. Policy paper, 22 March, 2012
https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/report-of-the-habitats-and-wild-birds-directives-implementation-review

4 Department for Business, Innovation and Skills (2015): Javid launches new drive to cut red tape. Press release, 16 July, 2015
https://www.gov.uk/government/news/javid-launches-new-drive-to-cut-red-tape

5 BEIS (2017): Growth duty statutory guidance. BEIS, March, 2017
https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/603743/growth-duty-statutory-guidance.pdf

Looking backwards

1 Callander, RB (2015): Business secretary Sajid Javid targets five sectors for £10bn red tape bonfire. Telegraph, 16 July, 2015
https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/economics/11744713/Business-secretary-Sajid-Javid-targets-five-sectors-for-10bn-red-tape-bonfire.html

2 Osborne, S (2020): Government falling behind on its promise to strip dangerous cladding three years after Grenfell Tower fire, says NAO report. Independent, 19 June, 2020
https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/grenfell-tower-fire-cladding-aluminium-composite-material-national-audit-office-a9574176.html

3 Grenfell Tower inquiry: phase 1 report overview. Report of the public inquiry into the fire at Grenfell Tower on 14 June, 2017
https://assets.grenfelltowerinquiry.org.uk/GTI%20-%20Phase%201%20report%20Executive%20Summary.pdf

4 Royal College of Physicians (2016): Every breath we take: the lifelong impact of air pollution. Report of a working party, February, 2016.
https://www.rcplondon.ac.uk/projects/outputs/every-breath-we-take-lifelong-impact-air-pollution

5 EA (nd): Challenges and choices. The water story.
https://consult.environment-agency.gov.uk/environment-and-business/challenges-and-choices/consultation/subpage.2018-07-05.9469050931/

6 National Biodiversity Network (2019): State of Nature 2019
https://nbn.org.uk/stateofnature2019/

Case study 1: Deregulation and air quality

1 Royal College of Physicians (2016): Every breath we take: the lifelong impact of air pollution. Report of a working party, February, 2016.
https://www.rcplondon.ac.uk/projects/outputs/every-breath-we-take-lifelong-impact-air-pollution

2 Natural Capital Committee (2019): The Natural Capital Committee’s Response to the 25 Year Environment Plan Progress Report. September 2019
https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/830631/ncc-advice-25yep-progress-report.pdf

3 Defra (2020): 25 Year Environment Plan Progress Report: April 2019 to March 2020. 11 June, 2020
https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/891783/25yep-progress-report-2020.pdf

4 Client Earth (2019): UK Air Pollution: How clean is the air you breathe? News, 2 October, 2019
https://www.clientearth.org/uk-air-pollution-how-clean-is-the-air-you-breathe/

5 Simkins, G (2020): 1,360 sites in England breach legal nitrogen dioxide limits. ENDS Report, 29 July, 2020.
https://www.endsreport.com/article/1690610/1360-sites-england-breach-legal-nitrogen-dioxide-limits

6 Defra (2019): Defra clean air strategy.
https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/770715/clean-air-strategy-2019.pdf

7 Neslen, A (2015): UK, Germany and France lobbying for weakened cap on toxic car pollution. Guardian, 27 October, 2015
https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/oct/27/uk-germany-and-france-lobbying-for-weakened-cap-on-toxic-car-pollution

8 ENDS Report (2011): Government admits breach of air quality law. ENDS Report, 20 December, 2011
https://www.endsreport.com/article/1546551/government-admits-breach-air-quality-law

9 ClientEarth (2016): High Court Ruling on ClientEarth (No 2) vs SSEFRA – UK air pollution plans
https://www.documents.clientearth.org/library/download-info/high-court-ruling-on-clientearth-no-2-vs-ssefra-uk-air-pollution-plans/

10 High Court of Justice (2018): The Queen (on the application of ClientEarth) No.3 v Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, Secretary of State for Transport, Welsh Ministers, Mayor of London. Neutral Citation Number: [2018] EWHC 315 (Admin). Case No: CO/4922/2017. 25th January 2018.
http://www.bailii.org/cgi-bin/format.cgi?doc=/ew/cases/EWHC/Admin/2018/315.html&query=(clientearth)

11 Defra (2019): Clear Air Strategy 2019
https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/770715/clean-air-strategy-2019.pdf

12 Natural Capital Committee (2019): The Natural Capital Committee’s Response to the 25 Year Environment Plan Progress Report. September 2019
https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/830631/ncc-advice-25yep-progress-report.pdf

13 Kaminsky, I (2015): UK power plant pollution plan a ‘foregone conclusion’. 10 December, 2015
https://www.endsreport.com/article/1541532/uk-power-plant-pollution-plan-foregone-conclusion

14 Kaminsky, I (2016): UK coal power station in breach of EU air pollution law. ENDS Report, 28 June, 2016
https://www.endsreport.com/article/1532792/uk-coal-power-station-breach-eu-air-pollution-law

15 Pickstone, S (2020: Coronavirus: Heavy industry calls for regulatory flexibility. ENDS Report, 9 April, 2020.
https://www.endsreport.com/article/1679904/coronavirus-heavy-industry-calls-regulatory-flexibility

16 Hodgson, C (2020): Breathless: air quality in British cities remains dangerously low. Financial Times, 2 January, 2020
https://www.ft.com/content/12c596f6-224b-11ea-b8a1-584213ee7b2b

17 Infrastructure and Projects Authority (2016): National Infrastructure Delivery Plan 2016–2021. March, 2016
https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/520086/2904569_nidp_deliveryplan.pdf

18 Pickstone, S (2020): Coronavirus: Heavy industry calls for regulatory flexibility. ENDS Report, 9 April, 2020
https://www.endsreport.com/article/1679904/coronavirus-heavy-industry-calls-regulatory-flexibility

19 ClientEarth (2019): ClientEarth responds to the UK Environment Bill. 15 October, 2019
https://www.clientearth.org/press/client-earth-responds-to-the-uk-environment-bill/

20 Holder, M (2020): Government seeks legally-binding environmental targets from 2022. Business Green.
https://www.businessgreen.com/news/4019150/government-seeks-legally-binding-environmental-targets-2022

21 Carrington, D (2018): UK taken to Europe’s highest court over air pollution. Guardian, 17 May, 2018
https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/may/17/uk-taken-to-europes-highest-court-over-air-pollution

22 McGlone, C (2020): Government warned to ditch road-building programme or face court battle. 22 April, 2020. https://www.endsreport.com/article/1681061/government-warned-ditch-road-building-programme-face-court-battle

Case study 2: Deregulation and water quality

1 Environment Agency (2020): Challenges and choices. Consultation closing on 24 September, 2020.
https://consult.environment-agency.gov.uk/environment-and-business/challenges-and-choices/consultation/subpage.2018-07-05.9469050931/

2 Salvidge, R (2020): ‘Woeful’: UK bathing waters among the worst in Europe. ENDS Report, 9 June, 2020
https://www.endsreport.com/article/1685709/woeful-uk-bathing-waters-among-worst-europe

3 Salvidge, R (2020): UK still in breach of EU sewage pollution ruling, MP claims. ENDS report, 12 February, 2020
https://www.endsreport.com/article/1673795/uk-breach-eu-sewage-pollution-ruling-mp-claims

4 European Environment Agency (2020): European bathing water quality in 2019.
https://www.eea.europa.eu/themes/water/europes-seas-and-coasts/assessments/state-of-bathing-water/european-bathing-water-quality-in-2019

5 Salvidge, R (2019): England’s bathing water quality in 3 charts. ENDS Report, 13 November, 2019
https://www.endsreport.com/article/1665688/englands-bathing-water-quality-3-charts

6 Salvidge, R (2019): Why official data could show a decline in England’s water quality. ENDS Report, 14 November, 2019
https://www.endsreport.com/article/1665877/why-official-data-show-decline-englands-water-quality

7 Salvidge, R (2020): Exclusive: Crucial river water quality report delayed again. ENDS Report, 17 July, 2020
https://www.endsreport.com/article/1689729/exclusive-crucial-river-water-quality-report-delayed-again

8 European Commission (2019): The Environmental Implementation Review 2019: Country Report, United Kingdom. Commission staff working document. SWD(2019) 118 final. Brussels, 4 April, 2019
https://ec.europa.eu/environment/eir/pdf/report_uk_en.pdf

9 Environment Agency (2019): 2021 River Basin Management Plans: Chemicals. October 2019
https://consult.environment-agency.gov.uk/environment-and-business/challenges-and-choices/user_uploads/chemicals-in-the-water-environment-challenge-rbmp-2021-2.pdf

10 European Commission (2019): The Environmental Implementation Review 2019: Country Report, United Kingdom. Commission staff working document. SWD(2019) 118 final. Brussels, 4 April, 2019
https://ec.europa.eu/environment/eir/pdf/report_uk_en.pdf

11 McKie, R (2020): ‘It’s like pea soup’: poultry farms turn Wye into wildlife death trap. Guardian, 20 June, 2020.
https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/jun/20/its-like-pea-soup-poultry-farms-turn-wye-into-wildlife-death-trap

12 BBC News (2019): Campaign launched to reduce agricultural river pollution in Wales. 7 August, 2019
https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-49269839

13 Carpenter, J (2018): Regulations confirm April introduction of farming pollution rules. ENDS Report, 12 February, 2018
https://www.endsreport.com/article/1526685/regulations-confirm-april-introduction-farming-pollution-rules

14 Salvidge, R (2020): Spikes in pollution removed from bathing water classifications. ENDS Report, 16 June 2020
https://www.endsreport.com/article/1686520/spikes-pollution-removed-bathing-water-classifications

15 Salvidge, R (2016): DEFRA removes beaches from bathing water lists. ENDS Report, 20 April, 2016
https://www.endsreport.com/article/1532276/defra-removes-beaches-bathing-water-lists

16 Ofwat (2019): Notice of Ofwat’s proposal to impose a penalty on Southern Water Services Limited
https://www.ofwat.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Notice-of-Ofwats-proposal-to-impose-a-penalty-on-Southern-Water-Services-Limited-1.pdf. June, 2019

17 Environment Agency (2018): Water companies: operator self-monitoring (OSM) environmental permits. Guidance, 8 May 2018
https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/water-companies-operator-self-monitoring-osm-environmental-permits/water-companies-operator-self-monitoring-osm-environmental-permits

18 Fair, J (2019): Marking their own homework: Is self-reporting open to abuse? ENDS Report, 11 July, 2019
https://www.endsreport.com/article/1590719/marking-own-homework-self-reporting-open-abuse

19 Ofwat (2019): Ofwat’s final decision to impose a financial penalty on Southern Water Services Limited. 10 October, 2019
https://www.ofwat.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Ofwat%E2%80%99s-final-decision-to-impose-a-financial-penalty-on-Southern-Water-S….pdf

20 Salvidge, R (2019): Fines Monitor: The UK’s 10 largest environmental penalties. ENDS Report, 25 September, 2019
https://www.endsreport.com/article/1660598/fines-monitor-uks-10-largest-environmental-penalties

21 Environment Agency (2018): Water and sewerage companies’ performance 2017: summary, July 2018.
https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/724027/Water_company_performance_report_2017.pdf

22 Defra et al (2020): Water companies challenged to improve environmental performance. 8 September, 2020.
https://www.gov.uk/government/news/water-companies-challenged-to-improve-environmental-performance

23 Environment Agency (2020): In praise of red tape: getting regulation right. 4 August, 2020.
https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/in-praise-of-red-tape-getting-regulation-right

24 Defra (2018): A Green Future: Our 25 Year Plan to Improve the Environment
https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/25-year-environment-plan

25 Natural Capital Committee (2020): Interim response to the 25-Year Environment Plan Progress Report & advice on a green economic recovery. July, 2020
https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/903214/ncc-interim-response-25yr-env-plan.pdf

26 Salvidge, R (2020): All England’s rivers fail to meet legal water quality standards. ENDS Report, 17 September, 2020
https://www.endsreport.com/article/1694741/englands-rivers-fail-meet-legal-water-quality-standards

Case study 3: Deregulation and green housing

1 Committee on Climate Change (2019): UK housing: Fit for the future? 19 February, 2019
https://www.theccc.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/UK-housing-Fit-for-the-future-CCC-2019.pdf

2 ENDS Report (2013): DCLG ditches consequential improvements. ENDS Report, 29 January, 2013
https://www.endsreport.com/article/1542144/dclg-ditches-consequential-improvements

3 Corporate Leaders Group (2020): Business leaders letter to Prime Miniser Boris Johnson.
https://www.corporateleadersgroup.com/reports-evidence-and-insights/pdfs/final-290520-business-groups-ceo-resilient.pdf

4 DCLG, December 2006: Code for Sustainable Homes: A step-change in sustainable home building practice https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20141204070505/http://www.planningportal.gov.uk/uploads/code_for_sust_homes.pdf

5 DCLG (2006): Building A Greener Future: Towards Zero Carbon Development. Consultation. https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20120919183345/http://www.communities.gov.uk/documents/planningandbuilding/pdf/153125.pdf

6 DCLG (2015): Housing Standards Review: Final Implementation Impact Assessment. Department for Communities and Local Government, March 2015
https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/418414/150327_-_HSR_IA_Final_Web_Version.pdf

7 Hatchwell, P: ‘Death knell’ for zero-carbon homes, ENDS Report, 28 July 2015
https://www.endsreport.com/article/1540042/death-knell-zero-carbon-homes

8 Clarke, T (2015): Code for Sustainable Homes scrapped. Building, 31 March 2015
https://www.building.co.uk/news/code-for-sustainable-homes-scrapped/5074697.article

9 Rose, E (2020): The 2011 Red Tape Challenge – outcomes and effectiveness. Unchecked UK
https://www.unchecked.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/The-2011-Red-Tape-Challenge-outcomes-effectiveness.pdf

10 DCLG (2015): Housing Standards Review: Final Implementation Impact Assessment. Department for Communities and Local Government, March 2015
https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/418414/150327_-_HSR_IA_Final_Web_Version.pdf

11 HM Treasury (2015): Fixing the foundations: creating a more prosperous nation
https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/443898/Productivity_Plan_web.pdf

12 Ares, E (2016): Zero Carbon Homes, Briefing Paper: Number 6678, 27 April 2016. House of Commons Library
https://www.parliament.uk/briefing-papers/sn06678.pdf

13 Energy Saving Trust (2017): The Clean Growth Plan: A “2050-ready” new-build homes policy
http://www.energysavingtrust.org.uk/clean-growth-plan-2050-ready-new-build-homes-policy

14 Energy and Climate Intelligence Unit (2019): Zero Carbon Homes: How owners of new homes are paying over the odds for energy. February 2019
https://cdn.rt.emap.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2019/02/28211542/ECIU_Zero_Carbon_Homes-2.pdf

15 Committee on Climate Change (2019): UK housing: Fit for the future? 19 February, 2019
https://www.theccc.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/UK-housing-Fit-for-the-future-CCC-2019.pdf

16 MHCLG (2019): The Future Homes Standard: changes to Part L and Part F of the Building Regulations for new dwellings
https://www.gov.uk/government/consultations/the-future-homes-standard-changes-to-part-l-and-part-f-of-the-building-regulations-for-new-dwellings

17 Riddlestone, S (2020): Future Homes Standard: Let’s not waste the biggest opportunity we have for the UK to show climate leadership in 2020. Bioregional, 29 January, 2020 https://www.bioregional.com/news-and-opinion/future-homes-standard-lets-not-waste-the-biggest-opportunity-we-have-for-the-uk-to-show-climate-leadership-in-2020

18 Committee on Climate Change (2020): Future Homes Standard and proposals for tightening of Part L in 2020. Letter to housing secretary Robert Jenrick, 18 February, 2020
https://www.theccc.org.uk/publication/letter-future-homes-standard-and-proposals-for-tightening-part-l-in-2020/

19 CPRE (2020: Government planning reforms don’t pass acid test for community voice. 5 August 2020
https://www.cpre.org.uk/about-us/cpre-media/planning-reforms-fail-for-community-voice/

20 Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy Committee (2019): Oral evidence: Energy Efficiency, HC 1730. Tuesday 12 March 2019. Ordered by the House of Commons to be published on 12 March, 2019.
http://data.parliament.uk/writtenevidence/committeeevidence.svc/evidencedocument/business-energy-and-industrial-strategy-committee/energy-efficiency/oral/98021.pdf

Case study 4: Deregulation and planning (permitted development rights)

1 Hickey, D (nd): Cameron labels planning officials ‘enemies of enterprise’. Planning Resource.
https://www.planningresource.co.uk/article/1058481/cameron-labels-planning-officials-enemies-enterprise

2 ENDS Report (2010): Environmental bodies fall to government’s quango cuts. ENDS Report, 28 Jul 2010
https://www.endsreport.com/article/1566535/environmental-bodies-fall-governments-quango-cuts

3 National Planning Policy Framework (updated June 2019)
https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/national-planning-policy-framework–2

4 Hatchwell, P (2018): What a DEFRA review might mean for protected landscapes. 28 Jun 2018
https://www.endsreport.com/article/1527605/defra-review-mean-protected-landscapes

5 Glover, G (2019): Landscapes Review: Final Report
https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/833726/landscapes-review-final-report.pdf

6 HM Treasury (2017): Autumn Budget 2017: Philip Hammond’s speech. 22 November, 2017
https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/autumn-budget-2017-philip-hammonds-speech

7 MHCLG (2019): Government response to consultation on planning reform: supporting the high street and increasing the delivery of new homes
https://www.gov.uk/government/consultations/planning-reform-supporting-the-high-street-and-increasing-the-delivery-of-new-homes

8 Prime Minister’s Office (2020): PM Economy Speech: 30 June, 2020
https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/pm-economy-speech-30-june-2020

9 Town and Country Planning Association (2018): Planning 2020: Raynsford Review of Planning in England. Final Report. November 2018.
https://www.cpreherefordshire.org.uk/assets/Documents/Reports-and-Leaflets/83aa59a158/TCPA_Raynsford_Full_Report_20181120_HIGH_RES.pdf

10 CPRE (2020): Government planning reforms don’t pass acid test for community voice. 5 August 2020
https://www.cpre.org.uk/about-us/cpre-media/planning-reforms-fail-for-community-voice/

11 RICS (2018): Assessing the impacts of extending permitted development
rights to office-to-residential change of use in England. May 2018
https://www.rics.org/globalassets/rics-website/media/knowledge/research/research-reports/assessing-the-impacts-of-extending-permitted-development-rights-to-office-to-residential-change-of-use-in-england-rics.pdf

12 Ramidus Consulting (2017): Greater London Authority
London Office Policy Review 2017. A report by Ramidus Consulting Limited
In association with CAG Consulting. June 2017 https://www.london.gov.uk/sites/default/files/london_office_policy_review_2017_final_17_06_07.pdf

13 DCLG (2013): Extending permitted development rights for homeowners and businesses: Impact assessment
https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/207919/Extending_permitted_development_rights_for_homeowners_and_businesses_-_impact_assessment.pdf

14 MHCLG (2020): Planning for the future: White Paper. August, 2020
https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/907647/MHCLG-Planning-Consultation.pdf

Looking Forwards:

1 Carpenter, J (2020): The 52 green rules rolled back under Covid-19. ENDS Report, 26 May, 2020
https://www.endsreport.com/article/1684239/52-green-rules-rolled-back-covid-19

2 Greener UK (2020): Risk Tracker 10: October 2019 – June 2020
https://greeneruk.org/risk-tracker

3 Pickstone, S (2020): Environment Bill targets: 5 things you need to know. ENDS Report, 19 August, 2020
https://www.endsreport.com/article/1692216/environment-bill-targets-5-things-need-know

4 Defra (2020): Environment Bill – environmental targets. Policy paper, updated 19 August, 2020
https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/environment-bill-2020/august-2020-environment-bill-environmental-targets

5 Pickstone, S (2020): DEFRA threatened with legal action over ‘weakening’ of chemicals laws after Brexit. ENDS Report, 13 June, 2019
https://www.endsreport.com/article/1587499/defra-threatened-legal-action-weakening-chemicals-laws-brexit

6 Branson, A: Water Framework Directive: Is there a case for ‘thoughtful reform’? ENDS Report, 27 August, 2020
https://www.endsreport.com/article/1692922/water-framework-directive-case-thoughtful-reform

7 Defra (2020): George Eustice speech on environmental recovery. Defra, 20 July, 2020
https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/george-eustice-speech-on-environmental-recovery-20-july-2020

8 Branson, A (2020): Brave newt world: What does Boris Johnson have planned for species protections? ENDS Report, 16 July, 2020
https://www.endsreport.com/article/1689651/brave-newt-world-does-boris-johnson-planned-species-protections

9 McGlone, C (2020): Why judicial review reform could be a ‘disaster for the environment’. ENDS Report, 10 December, 2020
https://www.endsreport.com/article/1694081/why-judicial-review-reform-disaster-environment

10 McGlone, C (2020): ‘Bad faith’: Scotland threatens to defy Westminster over environmental legislation. ENDS Report, 8 July 2020
https://www.endsreport.com/article/1688880/bad-faith-scotland-threatens-defy-westminster-environmental-legislation

11 Aldersgate Group (2020): Seize the moment: building a thriving, inclusive and
resilient economy in the aftermath of COVID-19. Policy briefing. June, 2020 https://www.aldersgategroup.org.uk/asset/1666

12 Burohappold Engineering/Aldersgate Group (2017): Help or hindrance? Environmental regulations and competitiveness. December, 2017
https://www.aldersgategroup.org.uk/asset/896

Case study 5: Habitat and Wildlife Protection

1 Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981
https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1981/69/section/4

2 Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000
https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2000/37/contents

3 European Commission (nd): The Habitats Directive.
https://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/legislation/habitatsdirective/index_en.htm

4 European Commission (nd): The Birds Directive.
https://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/legislation/birdsdirective/index_en.htm

5 The National Archives (2019): The Conservation of Habitats and Species (Amendment) (EU Exit) Regulations 2019. UK Statutory Instruments2019 No. 579
https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2019/579/contents/made

6 HM Government (2012): Report of the Habitats and Wild Birds Directives: Implementation Review. March, 2012
https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/69513/pb13724-habitats-review-report.pdf

7 Salvidge, R (2018): Habitats Directives ‘should be maintained and enforced’ post-Brexit, say pro-deregulation MPs. ENDS Report, 20 November, 2018
https://www.endsreport.com/article/1528626/habitats-directives-should-maintained-enforced-post-brexit-say-pro-deregulation-mps

8 Hatchwell, P (2018): What a DEFRA review might mean for protected landscapes. ENDS Report, 28 June, 2018
https://www.endsreport.com/article/1527605/defra-review-mean-protected-landscapes

9 Weston, P (2020): ‘In crisis’ Natural England granted £15m additional funding. Guardian, 18 May, 2020
https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/may/18/natural-england-funding-boost-gets-cautious-welcome-aoe

10 Salvidge, R (2019): What has £159.5m in funding cuts meant for Natural England’s performance? ENDS Report, 25 March, 2019
https://www.endsreport.com/article/1580098/1595m-funding-cuts-meant-natural-englands-performance

11 Natural England (2016): Conservation 21: Natural England’s Conservation Strategy for the 21st Century. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/562046/conservation-21.pdf

12 Agyepong-Parsons, J (2020): DEFRA and Natural England under fire for poor state of England’s SSSIs. ENDS Report, 24 January, 2020 https://www.endsreport.com/article/1671870/defra-natural-england-fire-poor-state-englands-sssis

13 Independent (2019): Britain’s national parks ‘risk losing UN nature reserve status’ because wildlife dying out so fast. Independent, 25 March, 2019
https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/national-parks-uk-wildlife-endangered-un-status-risk-a8838941.html

14 Hansard (2020): Biodiversity: Aichi Targets. Hansard, 20 July 2020, Volume 804 https://hansard.parliament.uk/lords/2020-07-20/debates/D89FED28-12AF-4089-9083-B29B8D0C57E7/BiodiversityAichiTargets

15 Weston, P (2020): ‘Lost decade for nature’ as UK fails on 17 of 20 UN biodiversity targets. Guardian, 14 September, 2020
https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2020/sep/14/lost-decade-for-nature-as-uk-fails-on-17-of-20-un-biodiversity-targets-aoe

16 Salvidge, R (2020): Brexit: Eustice vows to uphold ‘high environmental protections’. ENDS Report, 26 June, 2020
https://www.endsreport.com/article/1687873/brexit-eustice-vows-uphold-high-environmental-protections

17 Defra (2020): Environment Bill – environmental targets. Policy paper, Defra, 19 August 2020
https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/environment-bill-2020/august-2020-environment-bill-environmental-targets

18 Client Earth (2020): Brexit and the Habitats Regulations: interpretation of legal protection for Natura 2000 sites must remain unchanged. Client Earth briefing, 30 July, 2020
https://www.documents.clientearth.org/wp-content/uploads/library/2020-07-30-clientearth-mcs-briefing-on-the-conservation-of-habitats-and-species-amendment-eu-exit-regulations-2019-ce-en.pdf

19 Client Earth (2020): ibid

20 MHCLG (2020): Planning for the future. White Paper, August, 2020
https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/907647/MHCLG-Planning-Consultation.pdf

21 Defra (2020): George Eustice speech on environmental recovery: 20 July 2020
https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/george-eustice-speech-on-environmental-recovery-20-july-2020

22 Natural Capital Committee (2019): The Natural Capital Committee’s Response to the 25 Year Environment Plan Progress Report. September, 2019
https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/830631/ncc-advice-25yep-progress-report.pdf

Case study 6: Chemical safety and REACH

1 Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 December 2006 [REACH] https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A02006R1907-20140410

2 HSE: What is REACH?
https://www.hse.gov.uk/reach/whatisreach.htm

3 Hutton, G (2020): Brexit and chemicals regulation (REACH). House of Commons Library. BRIEFING PAPER. No.CBP 8403, 1 May 2020. http://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/CBP-8403/CBP-8403.pdf

4 REACH Enforcement Regulations 2008 https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2008/2852/contents/made

5 Chemical Industry Association (2020): Chemical Industry: making Brexit work for the UK and the EU. Press release, 14 February, 2020
https://www.cia.org.uk/news/details/Chemical-Industry-making-Brexit-work-for-the-UK-and-the-EU

6 The REACH etc. (Amendment etc.) (EU Exit) Regulations 2019 https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2019/758/contents/made

7 The REACH etc. (Amendment etc.) (EU Exit) (No. 2) Regulations 2019 (SI 858/2019, made on 11 April 2019) [fixes a gap that left some firms not covered by the transitional provisions] https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2019/858/contents/made

8 The REACH etc. (Amendment etc.) (EU Exit) (No. 3) Regulations 2019 (SI 1144/2019, made on 2 July 2019) [this instrument concerned a gap regarding authorisation applications that are pending a decision by the European Commission] https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2019/1144/contents/made

9 Environment Bill 2019-2021
https://services.parliament.uk/bills/2019-21/environment.html

10 European Commission (2019): Notice to stakeholders: Withdrawal of the United Kingdom and EU rules in the field of chemicals regulation under REACH. REV1 – replaces the notice dated 26 February 2019. Brussels, 30 March 2020 https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/notice_to_stakeholders_brexit_reach.pdf

11 Defra (2020): 25-Year Environment Plan: progress reports https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/25-year-environment-plan-progress-reports

12 Salvidge, R (2020): ‘Greenwasher in chief’: Government slammed for poor 25-Year Environment Plan progress. ENDS Report, 15 Jun 2020 https://www.endsreport.com/article/1686351/greenwasher-chief-government-slammed-poor-25-year-environment-plan-progress

13 Pickstone, S (2020): Coronavirus: DEFRA pauses work on Chemicals Strategy as HSE changes inspection regime. ENDS Report, 6 April, 2020 https://www.endsreport.com/article/1679447/coronavirus-defra-pauses-work-chemicals-strategy-hse-changes-inspection-regime

14 Simkins, G (2020): Post-Brexit chemicals regulation plans ‘toxic for business’. ENDS Report, 29 Jan 2020
https://www.endsreport.com/article/1672307/post-brexit-chemicals-regulation-plans-toxic-business

15 Simkins, G (2019): ‘Deeply flawed’ post-Brexit UK-REACH regulations scrape through the Lords. ENDS Report, 27 Mar 2019 https://www.endsreport.com/article/1580296/deeply-flawed-post-brexit-uk-reach-regulations-scrape-lords

16 Greener UK, Wildlife and Countryside Link: Environment Bill: Written evidence submitted by Greener UK and Wildlife and Countryside Link on the Environment Bill (EB10). Session 2019-2021. 10 March, 2020
https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm5801/cmpublic/Environment/memo/EB10.htm

17 Hutton, G (2020): Brexit and chemicals regulation (REACH). House of Commons Library. BRIEFING PAPER. 18 No.CBP 8403, 1 May 2020. http://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/CBP-8403/CBP-8403.pdf

18 Simkins, G (2019): UK REACH database may not be ready for Brexit. ENDS Report, 26 Feb 2019
https://www.endsreport.com/article/1578499/uk-reach-database-may-not-ready-brexit

19 Hutton, G (2020): Brexit and chemicals regulation (REACH). House of Commons Library. BRIEFING PAPER. No.CBP 8403, 1 May 2020. http://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/CBP-8403/CBP-8403.pdf

20 Murray, J (2020): MPs and chemicals industry welcome extension of UK REACH deadlines. Business Green, 9 September, 2020
https://www.businessgreen.com/news/4019922/mps-chemicals-industry-welcome-extension-uk-reach-deadlines

21 Greener UK (2020): Risk Tracker 10. October 2019-June 2020.
https://greeneruk.org/risk-tracker/risk-tracker-10#chemicals-tab

22 House of Commons Environmental Audit Committee (2017): The Future of Chemicals Regulation after the EU Referendum, Eleventh Report of Session 2016–17 https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201617/cmselect/cmenvaud/912/912.pdf

Case study 7: Planning and environmental assessment

1 Fischer TB, Jha-Thakur U, Hayes S. Environmental impact assessment and strategic environmental assessment research in the UK, Journal of Environmental Assessment Policy and Management, 2015; 17:1550016.
https://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/2037782/

2 Thakur, U, Fischer, T (2016): 25 years of the UK EIA System: Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, Volume 61, November 2016, pp.19-26. Elsevier
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0195925515300585

3 European Commission (2019): REFIT Evaluation of the SEA Directive. December, 2019 https://ec.europa.eu/environment/eia/sea-refit.htm

4 IEMA (2011): Special Report – The State of Environmental Impact Assessment Practice in the UK. February 2016
https://infrastructure.planninginspectorate.gov.uk/wp-content/ipc/uploads/projects/EN020016/EN020016-000986-BFC_Vol_09.18.16_Special%20Report%20-The%20State%20of%20Environmental%20Impact%20Assessment%20Practice%20in%20the%20UK%20-%20IEMA%20(2011).pdf

5 RELX SDG Resource Centre (2020): Environmental impact assessments in the UK — practice note
https://sdgresources.relx.com/legal-practical-guidance/environmental-impact-assessments-uk-%E2%80%94-practice-note

6 Barkham, P (2020): HS2 will destroy or damage hundreds of UK wildlife sites, says report. Patrick Barkham. Guardian, 15 January, 2020
https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2020/jan/15/hs2-will-destroy-or-damage-hundreds-of-uk-wildlife-sites-report

7 Kaminsky, I (2020): Has the HS2 review avoided counting the green costs? ENDS Report, 9 January 2020.
https://www.endsreport.com/article/1670359/hs2-review-avoided-counting-green-costs

8 McGlone, C (2020): Jenrick: Time to ‘re-think bureaucratic planning process’. ENDS Report, 11 Jun 2020
https://www.endsreport.com/article/1686086/jenrick-time-re-think-bureaucratic-planning-process

9 Prime Minister’s Office (2020): PM Economy Speech: 30 June 2020
https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/pm-economy-speech-30-june-2020

10 Defra (2020): George Eustice speech on environmental recovery: 20 July 2020
https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/george-eustice-speech-on-environmental-recovery-20-july-2020

11 Green Alliance (2020): Rt Hon George Eustice MP keynote speech on the government’s environmental ambitions (video, Q&A). 20 July, 2020
https://www.green-alliance.org.uk/online_event_George_Eustice_keynote_speech.php

12 MHCLG (2020: Planning for the future. White paper, August 2020. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/907647/MHCLG-Planning-Consultation.pdf

13 Griffiths, R, Bessell, J, Watson, E (2020): Planning white paper: what it means for design and the environment. Out-Law Analysis, Pinsent Masons, 11 August, 2020
https://www.pinsentmasons.com/out-law/analysis/planning-white-paper-design-the-environment

Conclusion

1 National Audit Office (2016): The Business Impact Target: cutting the cost of regulation
https://www.nao.org.uk/report/the-business-impact-target-cutting-the-cost-of-regulation/

2 Harries, R and Sawyer, K (2014): How to run a country, the burden of regulation https://www.regulation.org.uk/library/2014-Reform-How_to_Run_a_Country-The_burden_of_regulation.pdf

3 NAO (2016): ibid

4 Aldersgate Group (2017): Help or hindrance? Environmental regulations and competitiveness. 7 December, 2017
https://www.aldersgategroup.org.uk/asset/896

5 Chemical Industries Association (2018): Making Brexit Work for the Chemical Industry. https://www.cia.org.uk/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=2JL_YBGG8OY%3D&portalid=0

6 Islam, F (2019): Government faces industry backlash on Brexit plans. BBC News, 11 October, 2019
https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-50019069

7 IPPR (2018): Leaving the EU, not the European model: Part 1
https://www.ippr.org/files/2018-02/1519061948_leaving-the-eu-not-the-european-model-part1-feb18.pdf

8 Elliott, M (2017): Public opinion in the post-Brexit era: economic attitudes in Modern Britain. Legatum Institute, September 29, 2017
https://smartthinking.org.uk/public-opinion-post-brexit-era/

9 Curtice, J (2017): Hard – but not too hard: More on what voters want from Brexit.
NatCen Social Research.
https://whatukthinks.org/eu/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Hard-but-not-too-hard.-Much-more-on-what-voters-want-from-Brexit.pdf

10 Unchecked UK (2020): New poll: Attitudes of Younger Leave Voters to Regulation and Deregulation. May, 2020
https://www.unchecked.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Attitudes-of-Younger-Leave-Voters-to-Regulation-and-Deregulation.pdf

11 Lodge, M and Wegrich, K (2012): The ‘Californication’ of Government? Crowdsourcing and the Red Tape
Challenge
https://www.regulation.org.uk/library/2012_carr_crowdsourcing_and_the%20_red_tape_challenge.pdf

12 RSPB (2020): Recovering Together
https://www.rspb.org.uk/globalassets/downloads/recovering-together-report/recovering-together-report_nature-and-green-recovery_rspbyougov_june-2020.pdf